Unique case orientation - assumes that each case is special and unique the first level of analysis is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases being studied cross-case analysis follows from and depends upon the quality of individual case studies.Dynamic systems - there is attention to process assumes change is ongoing, whether the focus is on an individual, an organization, a community, or an entire culture, therefore, the researcher is mindful of and attentive to system and situational dynamics.Empathic neutrality - an empathic stance in working with study respondents seeks vicarious understanding without judgment by showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness, and responsiveness in observation, it means being fully present.Personal experience and engagement - researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under investigation the researcher’s personal experiences and insights are an important part of the inquiry and critical to understanding the phenomenon.
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